If you have been reading about circadian rhythm and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Updated 2026-01-29. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise endurance, mitochondrial content, and lipid profiles in rodents, but these findings come from specific experimental conditions. Many studies use high doses or delivery methods that may not translate directly to human use. SR9009 has been reported to have low oral bioavailability and a short half-life, which complicates interpretation of oral dosing studies. It is not established as safe or effective for any indication. Literature discussions often separate its pharmacological mechanism from unverified claims made in fitness and supplement markets.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Derived from published structure. |
| Molecular weight | 437.94 g/mol | Calculated value. |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical for purified research samples. |
| Solubility | DMSO, ethanol; low in water | Class: poorly water-soluble. |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated, protected from light | Limits degradation. |
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, also called NR1D1 and NR1D2. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene programs. The compound was developed for laboratory research, not as an approved therapeutic. Its identity is distinct from steroid hormones and selective androgen receptor modulators. Scientific interest centers on how REV-ERB activation changes gene expression in cells and animal models.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Dutch air craft designer Anthony Fokker and German pilot Otto Parschau demonstrated the E.II model of the Fokker Eindecker fighters to the German military command, including Crown Prince Wilhelm at Stenay, France. The command recognized the advantage the fighters would have in air combat, and used several Fokker aircraft over 1915 including the E.I, E.II, E.III, E.IV, and K.I models. Okaloosa County, Florida was established, with its county seat in Crestview. Born: Don Budge, American tennis player, World No. 1 champion from 1937 to 1941; as John Donald Budge, in Oakland, California, United States (d. 2000) Died: Nabeshima Naoyoshi, 71, Japanese noble, 13th and final daimyo (lord) of Kashima Domain in Hizen Province, Kyushu, Japan, first governor of the Okinawa Prefecture (b. 1844)
There are numerous associations and correlations in the body of evidence, but few causal relationships, since existing longitudinal datasets "do not use consistent wellbeing and predictor measures at different time points"; After controlling for mental health status, not many of the found associations are still significant; Subgroup analyses are rare; There are too few studies to conduct meta-analyses; There are too few interventional studies.
=== Movement of NAPLs in the unsaturated zone === The unsaturated zone involves a porous media which consists of small particles, around which exist a thin film of water which acts as a membrane. The rest of the space between these particles consists of air. Thus, NAPLs can either remain as an immiscible hydrocarbon, dissolve into water, adsorb onto solid porous material, or vaporize into gaseous form. This four-phase model is highly variable and can even change within a particular site during different stages of site remediation. As such, it is important to continuously monitor the phase distribution on a case-by-case basis. Each of these phases differs in terms of their mobility and their available remediation techniques. The most mobile phases of NAPL are the volatilized/gaseous phase and the solubilized/aqueous phase, while the least mobile phases of NAPL are the adsorbed/solid phase and the immiscible liquid phase. Because of these complexities, flow is more difficult to measure in the unsaturated zone than in the saturated zone. Contamination of the unsaturated zone is dangerous because of both the potential to seep into the saturated zone, where aquifers are contained, and the potential to harm ecological life. Whether or not the NAPL reaches the saturated zone is determined by a parameter called residual saturation. Residual saturation is caused by capillary action, which immobilizes NAPLs and restricts their infiltration into the saturated zone.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== External links == Fighting the Oil Well Fires Archived 2015-02-20 at the Wayback Machine Oil fire photographs taken by a Kuwaiti journalist in 1991 Archived 2017-03-20 at the Wayback Machine "The Kuwaiti Oil Fires (Environmental Disasters)" Facts on File, Inc., April 2005, ISBN 0816057583, Author: Kristine Hirschmann
=== Tau hypothesis of alzheimer's disease === The tau hypothesis states that excessive or abnormal phosphorylation of tau results in the transformation of normal adult tau into paired-helical-filament (PHF) tau and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). The stage of the disease determines NFTs' phosphorylation. In AD, at least 19 amino acids are phosphorylated; pre-NFT phosphorylation occurs at serine 199, 202 and 409, while intra-NFT phosphorylation happens at serine 396 and threonine 231. Through its isoforms and phosphorylation, tau protein interacts with tubulin to stabilize microtubule assembly. All of the six tau isoforms are present in an often hyperphosphorylated state in paired helical filaments (PHFs) in the AD brain. Tau mutations have many consequences, including microtubule dysfunction and alteration of the expression level of tau isoforms. Mutations that alter function and isoform expression of tau lead to hyperphosphorylation. The process of tau aggregation in the absence of mutations is not known but might result from increased phosphorylation, protease action or exposure to polyanions, such as glycosaminoglycans. Hyperphosphorylated tau disassembles microtubules and sequesters normal tau, MAPT 1 (microtubule associated protein tau 1), MAPT 2 and ubiquitin into tangles of PHFs. This insoluble structure damages cytoplasmic functions and interferes with axonal transport, which can lead to cell death. Hyperphosphorylated forms of tau protein are the main component of PHFs of NFTs in the brain of AD patients.
American Solidarity Party: Peter Sonski, Connecticut school board member Approval Voting Party: Blake Huber, activist and nominee for president in 2020 Constitution Party: Randall Terry, anti-abortion activist and perennial candidate Independent American Party: Joel Skousen, survivalist and consultant Natural Law Party: Robert F. Kennedy Jr., environmental lawyer and author, the party's nominee in addition to his run as an independent before he withdrew from the race ahead of the election but was not removed from ballots Party for Socialism and Liberation: Claudia De la Cruz, political activist Prohibition Party: Michael Wood, businessman Socialist Equality Party: Joseph Kishore, writer and SEP nominee in 2020 Socialist Party USA: Bill Stodden, nonprofit executive Socialist Workers Party: Rachele Fruit, hotel worker and trade unionist
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used in laboratory research. It is not an approved drug, and its effects in humans are not well characterized. It is often sold as a research chemical under the name Stenabolic.
No. SR9009 targets the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, not the androgen receptor. This mechanism differs from selective androgen receptor modulators and from exercise mimetics that act on PPARδ.
Published evidence is mainly preclinical, using cell cultures and animal models. Controlled human trials are not well documented in the public literature. Claims about human performance or health effects therefore remain unsupported by robust clinical data.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans are not well characterized.