The short version of LC-MS/MS fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
Reviewed 2026-02-02. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Several misconceptions surround SR9009. It is often described as a SARM, a steroid, or an exercise pill, but its known target is the REV-ERB receptor family. Rodent studies have examined exercise capacity and metabolic markers, yet human outcomes remain unproven. Oral bioavailability appears low in animals, and human pharmacokinetics are not well characterized. Online products may contain impurities or different compounds, so identity and purity testing are important for research use.
Analytical chemists detect SR9009 with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, commonly abbreviated LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction before analysis. Laboratories can target the parent compound or its metabolites, depending on the matrix and the purpose of testing. Anti-doping methods require sensitive and specific assays because concentrations in biological samples can be low. Reference standards and validated methods are essential for reliable identification and quantification.
Preclinical reports have linked SR9009 to improved endurance and altered energy expenditure in rodents. Such findings have prompted interest in whether REV-ERB activation can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. However, the reported effects depend on dose, route, and experimental model, and replication across laboratories is limited. Human trials have not established comparable outcomes, so claims about exercise performance remain speculative. The absence of controlled human data is a central limitation in interpreting these observations.
The mechanism of action involves binding to REV-ERB receptors and recruiting corepressor complexes, which represses target gene transcription. This contrasts with many nuclear receptor agonists that activate transcription. Downstream effects may include changes in autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid handling, but the precise pathways remain an active area of study. Whether these molecular events translate into meaningful physiological effects in humans is unresolved. Most evidence comes from cultured cells and rodent models rather than human participants.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Regulatory status | Not approved for human use | Research-use-only status in many markets |
| WADA status | Prohibited in sport | Generally listed as a non-approved substance |
| Detection technique | LC-MS/MS | Common for urine and blood analysis |
| Common alias | Stenabolic | Informal market nickname, not a pharmacopoeial name |
| Purity check | HPLC or LC-UV | Independent certificate of analysis is typical |
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
REV-ERB proteins help regulate daily cycles in gene expression, including genes tied to lipid and glucose metabolism. SR9009 binds these receptors and alters their activity in cell and animal experiments. Consequences observed in rodents include changes in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, blood lipid levels, and exercise performance. The precise chain from receptor occupancy to whole-body effects is still an active area of study. Human responses cannot be assumed from rodent data.
== Languages == CBSE offers academic subjects in 40 different languages, which are Arabic, Assamese, Bahasa Melayu, Bengali, Bhutia, Bodo, English, French, German, Gujarati, Gurung, Hindi Course-A, Hindi Course-B, Japanese, Kannada, Kashmiri, Kokborok, Lepcha, Limboo, Malayalam, Meitei (Manipuri), Marathi, Mizo, Nepali, Odia, Persian, Punjabi, Rai, Russian, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Spanish, Sherpa, Tamang, Tamil, Tangkhul, Telugu AP, Telugu Telangana, Thai, Tibetan, Urdu Course A and Urdu Course B.
== Role in protection against oxidative stress == Aerobic bacteria inevitably are prone to the formation of reactive oxygen species due to the nature of their respiration processes. Under normal conditions these ROS strive to maintain a dynamic balance; however, this balance can often be disrupted by biotic or abiotic stressors such as superoxide radicals, endogenous lipids, DNA hydroperoxides, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and hydroxy alkenals. Therefore, these susceptible organisms have intrinsic mechanisms to protect from oxidative damage; glutathione plays a key role in most of these antioxidant mechanisms. Once reduced, glutathione interacts with these reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. This interaction is catalyzed by GSTs and their involvement is vital for successful oxidation of glutathione. GSTs bind the ROS substrate at its hydrophobic alpha-helical C-terminal domain, as well as reduced glutathione to its glutathione-binding site on the N-terminal domain. These two domains are adjacent to each other on the enzyme, and together form the active site of the GST where the redox reaction occurs. Once both substrates are bound at the enzyme's active site, the monomeric GST interacts with another substrate-bound GST monomer and catalyzes a disulphide bridge between the two glutathione molecules. This yields the active dimeric enzyme structure. The reactive oxygen species then donates one electron to a glutathione molecule, completing the oxidation-reduction reaction and rendering it unable to perform oxidative damage to the cell.
This product is then treated with acryloyl chloride. The initial step in this case probably involves the acylation of nitrogen on the enamine; conjugate addition then completes the formation of the lactam ring. Treatment of that product with triethyl silane then reduces the ring unsaturation and cleaves the benzylic nitrogen bond on the auxiliary to yield as the optically pure trans isomer. Displacement of bromine with the mercapto benzthiazole completes the synthesis of izonsteride.
=== Ivosidenib === Ivosidenib was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in July 2018, for relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with an IDH1 mutation. Ivosidenib (AG-120) has exhibited potent anti-wtIDH1 properties in melanoma under low magnesium and nutrient levels, reflective of the tumor microenvironment in natura. Vorasidenib was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2024. Vorasidenib is the first approval by the FDA of a systemic therapy for people with grade 2 astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma with a susceptible isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 or isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 mutation. Ivosidenib is a highly selective, small-molecule inhibitor designed to target the mutant IDH1 enzyme. It works by reversibly inhibiting the mutated enzyme, effectively reducing the production of the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG). By lowering D-2HG levels, ivosidenib helps restore normal cellular differentiation that is often disrupted in IDH1-mutant cancers, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and cholangiocarcinoma. This therapeutic approach is based on the idea that altering the D-2HG concentration interferes with both cellular metabolism and epigenetic regulation, processes that are key to the cancerous transformation driven by IDH1 mutations. Specifically, ivosidenib targets IDH1 mutations at the R132 residue, particularly the R132H and R132C variants, which are among the most common in human cancers.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== August 2015 norovirus ==== A norovirus outbreak occurred in August 2015 at a Simi Valley, California, location, ultimately affecting more than 200 people. Ventura County health inspectors found health violations during inspections following the outbreak. In January 2016, a federal grand jury issued a subpoena as part of a criminal investigation into the outbreak.
ICV injection of α-Interferon has been used for the treatment of intracranial malignancies in the clinic. α-Interferon has antiviral, antibacterial, and immunostimulatory properties. However, severe central nervous system symptoms occur after injection for ICV, intravenous, and intramuscular routes of administration. Additionally, only .09-.18% of the total Interferon dose was seen to pass through the blood-brain barrier when injected intramuscularly. In one study, intraperitoneal injection of α-Interferon was done on mice and there was no impact on monoamine levels. Another study conducted a similar experiment using the ICV injection method. This study showed reduced monoamine levels in the frontal cortex, in a dose-dependent manner. This indicates that ICV injection increases the percentage of the dose that reaches the mouse brain.
Tesamorelin (INN; trade names Egrifta, Egrifta SV and Egrifta WR) is a synthetic form of growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) which is used in the treatment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy, approved initially in 2010. It is produced and developed by Theratechnologies, Inc. of Canada. The drug is a synthetic peptide consisting of all 44 amino acids of human GHRH with the addition of a trans-3-hexenoic acid group.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Stem cell treatments == Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are cells in the bone marrow that can develop into all types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. There are two possible ways to treat sickle cell disease and some other hemoglobinopathies by targeting HSCs. Since 1991, a small number of patients have received bone marrow transplants from healthy matched donors. This procedure is high-risk. More recently, it has become possible to use CRISPR gene editing technology to modify the patient's own HSCs in a way that reduces or eliminates the production of sickle haemoglobin HbS and replaces it with a non-sickling form of haemoglobin. All stem cell treatments must involve myeloablation of the patients' bone marrow to remove HSCs containing the faulty gene. This requires high doses of chemotherapy agents with side effects such as sickness and fatigue. A long hospital stay is necessary after infusion of the replacement HSCs, while the cells take up residence in the bone marrow and make red blood cells with the stable form of haemoglobin.
Julian Clarence Levi (1896), architect, watercolorist, philanthropist Gilbert White (1900), painter Henry Rutgers Beekman (1903), watercolorist Ely Jacques Kahn (1904), commercial architect who designed the Municipal Asphalt Plant, the Film Center Building, 120 Wall Street, 399 Park Avenue, One Penn Plaza, and 1095 Avenue of the Americas Rockwell Kent* (1907), illustrator Eric Gugler (1911), architect who designed the current Oval Office Albert Mayer (1916), planner who designed the master plan of Chandigarh Isamu Noguchi* (1926), sculptor, namesake of the Noguchi table and Noguchi Museum, designer of the Moerenuma Park, Bayfront Park, and the Lillie and Hugh Roy Cullen Sculpture Garden Charles Alston (1929), artist Ad Reinhardt (1935), abstract expressionist artist and critic Arthur Rothstein (1935), photographer for the Farm Security Administration and Look magazine Vincent Kling (1938), architect, co-founder of KlingStubbins Ed Rice (1940), author, publisher, photojournalist and painter Charles Saxon (1940), cartoonist Burton Silverman (1949), painter George S. Zimbel (1951), photographer Jeh V. Johnson (1953), architect, and educator at Vassar College Frederick C. Baldwin (1955), photographer Edward Koren (1957), cartoonist John Giorno (1958), artist, subject of Andy Warhol's first movie, Sleep Robert A. M.
=== Chronic wounds === Any wound which is arrested or delayed during any of the normal stages of wound healing is considered to be a chronic wound. Most commonly, these are wounds which develop due to an underlying disease process such as diabetes mellitus or arterial/venous insufficiency. However, any acute wound has the potential to become a chronic wound if any of the normal stages of wound healing are interrupted. Chronic wounds are most commonly a result of disruption of the inflammatory phase of wound healing, however errors in any phase can result in a chronic wound. The exact duration of time which distinguishes a chronic wound from an acute wound is not clearly defined, although many clinicians agree that wounds which have not progressed for over three months are considered chronic wounds.
== History == It came into existence on 1 February 1985 when the Progeny Testing Bull Farm Hisar, which was earlier part of the Government Livestock Farm, Hisar, was transferred from the Government of Haryana state to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research for research on buffaloes (CIRB). On 11 December 1987, a sub-campus near the Bir Dosanjh Wildlife Sanctuary at Nabha in Patiala District was opened, to undertake research on the Nili-Ravi breed of buffalo found in Punjab. In 2016, it became world's second center to produce a cloned buffalo. The first ever successful cloning of buffalo was done by the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal in 2010
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. In many places it is not approved as a medicine and may be sold only as a research chemical. Importation or possession can be restricted, and sports organizations prohibit it.
Anti-doping laboratories typically use LC-MS/MS to detect SR9009 or its metabolites in urine or blood. The exact assay depends on the laboratory and the testing program. Detection can be challenging because the compound may be rapidly metabolized and present at low levels.
Stenabolic is an informal nickname used in online fitness and research-chemical markets, not an official drug name. It likely references reported effects on endurance in rodent studies. The nickname does not imply approval or proven human benefit.
It is a synthetic compound that acts as an agonist at REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used mainly as a research chemical to study circadian and metabolic pathways. It is not approved for human therapeutic use.