The short version of DMSO stock fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2025-09-17 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Laboratory identification of SR9009 typically relies on chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry, often with ultraviolet detection as a secondary check. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure when a reference standard is available. Because many suppliers sell the compound as a research chemical, independent identity testing is important for experimental reproducibility. A single retention time is not sufficient proof of identity, especially when related compounds may be present. Purity assessments usually report a percentage based on area normalization.
SR9009 is generally described as poorly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in an organic solvent before dilution into an aqueous buffer or vehicle. Precipitation can occur if the organic fraction is reduced too quickly or if the final concentration exceeds the compound's solubility limit. Sonication or gentle warming may aid dissolution in some protocols, but excessive heat can promote degradation. Container material and pH can also influence observed solubility.
For long-term storage, SR9009 is typically kept as a solid at low temperature, protected from moisture and light. Desiccated conditions limit hydrolysis, while opaque containers reduce photochemical breakdown. Solutions are less stable than solids and are often stored frozen in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Stability data are not standardized across all suppliers, so users should rely on certificate-of-analysis information when available. Degradation may appear as color change, precipitate, or decreased chromatographic purity.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Visual inspection is not sufficient for identity. |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Low solubility in water; stock solutions use organic solvent. |
| Storage | -20°C, desiccated, protected from light | Limits hydrolysis and photodegradation. |
| Analytical method | HPLC-UV/MS | Used for identity and purity assessment. |
| Synonyms | SR9009, Stenabolic | Naming varies by supplier. |
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is commonly identified by its molecular structure and its interaction with REV-ERB receptors. Vendors may list it under synonyms such as Stenabolic or REV-ERB agonist, but those names do not define purity or identity. Analytical confirmation typically uses high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A reference standard is needed to compare retention time and mass spectrum, because the compound can be confused with related research chemicals.
Handling practices for SR9009 focus on minimizing degradation and contamination. The solid is generally stored desiccated at or below -20 °C, protected from light and moisture. Stock solutions are often prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol, then aliquoted to avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Aqueous solubility is low, so formulations for animal studies may require cosolvents or suspending agents. Personnel should follow institutional chemical safety procedures, because toxicological data for humans are incomplete.
== Adverse effects == Products containing lisdexamphetamine have a comparable drug safety profile to those containing amphetamine. The major side effects of lisdexamphetamine in short-term clinical trials (≥5% incidence) have included decreased appetite, insomnia, dry mouth, weight loss, irritability, upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, increased heart rate, anxiety, dizziness, and feeling jittery. Rates of side effects may vary in adults, adolescents, and children. Rare but serious side effects of lisdexamphetamine may include mania, sudden cardiac death in those with underlying heart problems, stimulant psychosis, and serotonin syndrome.
A recent randomized controlled trial, however, found no benefit over placebo and recommended that the use of antipsychotics in this way should no longer be regarded as an acceptable routine treatment. Antipsychotics may be an option, together with stimulants, in people with ADHD and aggressive behavior when other treatments have not worked, however, they have predominantly opposing effects and may have additive cardiovascular risks when used together. They have not been found to be useful for the prevention of delirium among those admitted to hospital. A 2019 study using national prescribing data found that antipsychotics were prescribed to a significant minority of youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), frequently without FDA-approved indications and in cases where stimulant medications had not been tried first, raising concerns about guideline adherence in pediatric treatment.
Pre-emptive avoidance strategies (PEAS) might ultimately lower the sensitization rates of children who would develop ACD It is theorized that prevention of exposure to nickel early on could reduce the number of those that are sensitive to nickel by one-quarter to one-third. Identification of the many sources of nickel is vital to understanding the nickel sensitization story, food like chocolate and fish, zippers, buttons, cell phones and even orthodontic braces and eyeglass frames might contain nickel. Items that contain sentimental value (heirlooms, wedding rings) could be treated with an enamel or rhodium plating. The Dermatitis Academy has created an educational website to provide more information about nickel, including information about prevention, exposure, sources, and general information about nickel allergy. These resources provide guidance in a prevention initiative for children worldwide. Prevention of SNAS includes modifying dietary choices to avoid certain foods that are higher in nickel than others.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== General and cited sources === Belladelli, Federico; Del Giudice, Francesco; Glover, Frank; Mulloy, Evan; Muncey, Wade; Basran, Satvir; Fallara, Giuseppe; Pozzi, Edoardo; Montorsi, Francesco; Salonia, Andrea; Eisenberg, Michael L. (2023). "Worldwide Temporal Trends in Penile Length: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". The World Journal of Men's Health. 41 (4): 848–860. doi:10.5534/wjmh.220203. PMC 10523114. PMID 36792094. "Men worry more about penile size than women, says 60-year-old research review" (Press release). Blackwell. 31 May 2007. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2018. Cakir, Omer Onur; Pozzi, Edoardo; Castiglione, Fabio; Alnajjar, Hussain M.; Salonia, Andrea; Muneer, Asif (March 2021). "Penile Length Measurement: Methodological Challenges and Recommendations, a Systematic Review". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 18 (3): 433–439. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.11.012. PMID 33648901. Lauersen, Niels; Whitney, Steven (1983). It's Your Body: A Woman's Guide to Gynecology (3rd ed.). New York: Berkley Publishing. p. 480. ISBN 978-0-425-09917-9. Lee, P. A; Mazur, T; Danish, R; Amrhein, J; Blizzard, R. M; Money, J; Migeon, C. J (1980). "Micropenis. I. Criteria, etiologies and classification". The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal. 146 (4): 156–63. PMID 7366061. NAID 10010056499. Loos, Shirley; De Wil, Peter; Delcarte, Leslie; Serefoglu, Ege Can; Van Renterghem, Koenraad; Ward, Sam (September 2023). "The effect of penis size on partner sexual satisfaction: a literature review". International Journal of Impotence Research. 35 (6): 519–522.
In June 1789, the regiment was formed in England as a permanent unit to relieve the New South Wales Marine Corps, who had accompanied the First Fleet to Australia. The regiment began arriving as guards on the Second Fleet in 1790. The regiment, led by Major Francis Grose, consisted of three companies, numbering about 300 men. Although drafts were sent from Britain to reinforce the regiment throughout its time in Australia, its full strength never exceeded 500. A fourth company was raised from those Marines wishing to remain in New South Wales under Captain George Johnston, who had been Governor Arthur Phillip's aide-de-camp. In December 1792, when Phillip returned to England for respite, Grose was left in charge. Grose immediately abandoned Phillip's plans for governing the colony. A staunch military man, he established military rule and set out to secure the authority of the Corps. He abolished the civilian courts and transferred the magistrates to the authority of Captain Joseph Foveaux. After the poor crops of 1793 he cut the rations of the convicts but not those of the Corps, overturning Phillip's policy of equal rations for all. In a connived attempt to improve agricultural production and make the colony more self-sufficient, Grose turned away from collective farming and made generous land grants to officers of the Corps. They were also provided with government-fed and clothed convicts as farm labour.
=== EC 2.7: phosphorus transferases === While EC 2.7 includes enzymes that transfer phosphorus-containing groups, it also includes nuclotidyl transferases as well. Sub-category phosphotransferase is divided up in categories based on the type of group that accepts the transfer. Groups that are classified as phosphate acceptors include: alcohols, carboxy groups, nitrogenous groups, and phosphate groups. Further constituents of this subclass of transferases are various kinases. A prominent kinase is cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), which comprises a sub-family of protein kinases. As their name implies, CDKs are heavily dependent on specific cyclin molecules for activation. Once combined, the CDK-cyclin complex is capable of enacting its function within the cell cycle. The reaction catalyzed by CDK is as follows: ATP + a target protein
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Extraterrestrial pathogens === Hoyle and Wickramasinghe have advanced the argument that various outbreaks of illnesses on Earth are of extraterrestrial origins, including the 1918 flu pandemic and certain outbreaks of polio and mad cow disease. For the 1918 flu pandemic they hypothesised that cometary dust brought the virus to Earth simultaneously at multiple locations—a view almost universally dismissed by external experts on this pandemic. On 24 May 2003 The Lancet published a letter from Wickramasinghe, jointly signed by Milton Wainwright and Jayant Narlikar, in which they hypothesised that the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) could be extraterrestrial in origin instead of originating from chickens. The Lancet subsequently published three responses to this letter, showing that the hypothesis was not evidence-based, and casting doubts on the quality of the experiments referenced by Wickramasinghe in his letter. Claims connecting terrestrial disease and extraterrestrial pathogens have been rejected by the scientific community. In 2020, Wickramasinghe and colleagues published a paper claiming that Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic was also of extraterrestrial origin, the claim was criticised for lacking evidence.
Nicola Lucia B. Pohl is an American chemist who is the Joan & Marvin Carmack Chair at Indiana University Bloomington. She also serves as Associate Dean of Natural and Mathematical Sciences. Her research considers new approaches to make and analyse sugars. In 2020 she was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
=== Anna Gearing === Anna Gearing (Elena Saurel) is the head of FutureDawn Partners, a socially conscious investment fund. Despite her ethical business philosophy, Anna is shown to have expensive personal tastes, and micromanages employees at her fund. She has two daughters, with her longtime portfolio manager Petra Koenig as their godmother. Anna first appears as a client of Pierpoint, with Yasmin Kara-Hanani hedging her FX exposure. Harper meets Anna at a Pierpoint-organized duck shoot in Wales tied to healthcare startup Rican, where Anna bluntly assesses Rican as fundamentally underperforming and incapable of delivering on its social mission. Harper uses this insight to convince Jesse Bloom to buy out Anna’s stake—after already selling him $3.3 billion in shares—securing his controlling interest and long-term profit. After Harper is fired from Pierpoint, she joins FutureDawn as Anna’s executive assistant, but quickly aligns herself with Petra, who grows disillusioned with Anna’s leadership. Tensions peak when Harper helps Petra hedge Lumi IPO exposure by buying credit default swaps on fossil-fuel assets, directly contradicting FutureDawn’s ethical stance. Harper and Petra ultimately break away to form their own hedge fund, publicly announcing the move at a Swiss climate conference attended by Anna.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry is a common approach. Ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance can support identification when suitable standards are available.
The solid is generally kept cold, dry, and protected from light. Solutions are often frozen in single-use aliquots to reduce repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
It indicates a material sold for laboratory study, not for human use. The label does not guarantee pharmaceutical purity, sterility, or regulatory approval.
It is a synthetic research compound that activates REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug or dietary supplement. Most information comes from cell and animal studies.