If you have been reading about REV-ERB and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Last reviewed on 2026-05-07. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule that acts on the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors are part of the circadian clock machinery and normally repress transcription of certain target genes. In laboratory research, SR9009 is used as a chemical tool to study how REV-ERB activity influences metabolism, inflammation, and daily biological rhythms. The compound is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized. It is often described as an investigational agent rather than a therapeutic product.
REV-ERB proteins typically suppress gene expression by recruiting corepressor complexes to DNA response elements. SR9009 binds these receptors and strengthens that repressive action in cell-based assays. Studies in rodents have reported changes in lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and exercise capacity after treatment. Such findings are often cited as evidence for metabolic effects, but species differences and limited pharmacokinetic data make direct translation to humans uncertain. Researchers continue to examine which effects are robust and which depend on specific experimental conditions.
Storage recommendations for SR9009 reference material typically specify a freezer at -20 °C or lower, with protection from moisture and light. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade small molecules and introduce variability. Stock solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide are often aliquoted to avoid repeated handling. Stability studies may examine degradation under heat, humidity, and light exposure. The compound's thiophene and nitro groups can participate in reactions that alter analytical signals over time, so such changes affect quantitative results.
Quality control for research materials includes identity confirmation by nuclear magnetic resonance and purity assessment by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometry provides molecular weight confirmation and can detect related impurities. Purchasers should request a certificate of analysis that lists lot-specific data. Online products advertised for human use often lack such documentation. Distinguishing legitimate research material from mislabeled or contaminated samples is a recurring challenge in independent testing, and independent laboratories may use orthogonal methods to verify identity.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | SR9009 | Also marketed informally as Stenabolic |
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ |
| Molecular formula | C24H30ClN3O4S | Approximate molecular weight 492 g/mol |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Identifier for the parent compound |
| Regulatory status | Not approved for human use | Prohibited in sport by WADA |
Scientific discussion of SR9009 often separates animal evidence from human anecdote. Rodent studies provide controlled data on endurance, metabolism, and gene expression, but they use specific strains, doses, and treatment durations. Human reports are mostly uncontrolled and cannot establish cause and effect. Open questions include oral bioavailability, tissue distribution, metabolic stability, and long-term effects. Review articles generally call for more rigorous pharmacokinetic and safety research before any clinical use could be considered.
Analytical methods for SR9009 typically rely on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The technique can separate the parent compound from related substances and detect low concentrations in biological matrices. Urine and blood are common samples in anti-doping testing, while in vitro studies may use cell culture media. Rapid metabolism and low expected concentrations make method validation important for reliable identification. Exact metabolite patterns can vary by species and are not fully mapped.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 reflects its investigational status. The compound has no approved human therapeutic indication, and sports authorities prohibit its use. It appears on anti-doping lists as a non-approved substance or metabolic modulator, depending on the list version. Products sold online as research chemicals are not quality-controlled medicines, so their identity and purity can differ from the label. Such products may also contain unlisted compounds, which complicates both testing and safety assessment.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory research, SR9009 has been used to probe how these receptors affect skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The compound was identified in academic drug-discovery work and is often described in scientific literature by its chemical name and research code. It is not an approved medicine, and human clinical data remain limited or absent.
=== Selected overdoses === A mysterious woman, known as the Isdal Woman, was found dead in Bergen, Norway, on 29 November 1970. Her death was caused by some combination of burns, phenobarbital, and carbon monoxide poisoning; many theories about her death have been posited, and it is believed that she may have been a spy. British veterinarian Donald Sinclair, the inspiration for the character Siegfried Farnon in the All Creatures Great and Small book series by James Herriot, committed suicide at the age of 84 by injecting himself with an overdose of phenobarbital. Activist Abbie Hoffman also committed suicide by consuming phenobarbital, combined with alcohol, on 12 April 1989; the residue of around 150 pills was found in his body at autopsy. Thirty-nine members of the Heaven's Gate UFO cult committed mass suicide in March 1997 by drinking a lethal dose of phenobarbital and vodka "and then lay down to die" hoping to enter an alien spacecraft.
The four substrates of the enzyme are carbazole, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), oxygen, and a proton. Its products are 2'-aminobiphenyl-2,3-diol and oxidised NAD+. It is an oxidoreductase that uses molecular oxygen as oxidant and incorporates both its atoms into the starting material. It catalyses the first reaction in the pathway of carbazole degradation.
=== Rash === The superficial burrows of scabies usually occur in the area of the finger webs, feet, ventral wrists, elbows, back, buttocks, and external genitals. Except in infants and the immunosuppressed, infection generally does not occur in the skin of the face or scalp. The burrows are created by the excavation of the adult mite in the epidermis. Acropustulosis, or blisters and pustules on the palms and soles of the feet, are characteristic symptoms of scabies in infants.
=== Radiogenic === Some 209Bi was created radiogenically from the neptunium decay chain. Neptunium-237 is an extinct radionuclide, but it can be found in traces in uranium ores because of neutron capture reactions. This is also ultimately due to the r-process, as every (4n+1) nucleus formed (and not fissioned) ultimately decayed to bismuth.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Anshel Pfeffer(Hebrew: אנשיל פפר, born 22 June 1973); British -Israeli journalist; a senior correspondent and columnist for Haaretz, covering military, Jewish and international affairs, and Israel correspondent for The Economist.; has also written for The Guardian, The New York Times, The Washington Post and The Times; received the B'nai B'rith award for "Recognizing Excellence in Diaspora Reportage" Melanie Phillips,(born 4 June 1951) Neoconservative, and right wing hawkish pro Zionist journalist; began her career writing for The Guardian and New Statesman; during the 1990s, she came to identify with ideas more associated with the right and currently writes for The Times, The Jerusalem Post, and The Jewish Chronicle, covering political and social issues from a social conservative perspective.Irving Kristol, defines her as a liberal who has "been mugged by reality";was panellist on BBC Radio 4 programme The Moral Maze and BBC One's Question Time; was awarded the Orwell Prize for Journalism Hella Pick CBE (24 April 1929 – 4 April 2024); in 1960, was UN correspondent of The Guardian newspaper, tutored by chief US correspondent Alistair Cooke; awarded CBE in 2000; was Arts & Culture Programme Director at Institute for Strategic Dialogue, an independent think-tank based in London; author ofSimon Wiesenthal: A Life in Search of Justice, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996; Guilty Victim – Austria from the Holocaust to Haider, I B Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000 and Invisible Walls, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2021 Gabriel Pogrund (born 1993 or 1994) is a journalist who has worked for the New Statesman, Shortlist, Ha'aretz and Jewish News and is currently Whitehall editor at The Sunday Times; won 2017 Young Journalist of the Year at the British Press Awards and in 2018 was a Stern Fellow at The Washington Post. 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Lignans and lignin differ in their molecular weight, the former being small and soluble in water, the latter being high polymers that are undigestable. Both are polyphenolic substances derived by oxidative coupling of monolignols. Thus, most lignans feature a C18 cores, resulting from the dimerization of C9 precursors. The coupling of the lignols occurs at C8. Eight classes of lignans are: "furofuran, furan, dibenzylbutane, dibenzylbutyrolactone, aryltetralin, arylnaphthalene, dibenzocyclooctadiene, and dibenzylbutyrolactol." Many lignans are metabolized by mammalian gut microflora, producing so-called enterolignans.
Isobutyrylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl and has been sold online as a designer drug. It is believed to be around the same potency as butyrfentanyl but has been less widely distributed on illicit markets, though it was one of the earliest of the "new wave" of fentanyl derivatives to appear, and was reported in Europe for the first time in December 2012.
visibility and traceability by barcodes for each vaccine vial sharing of supplier audits sharing of chain of custody for a vaccine vial from manufacturer to the individual being vaccinated use of vaccine temperature monitoring tools temperature stability testing and assurance new packaging and delivery technologies stockpiling coordination of supplies within each country (personal protective equipment, diluent, syringes, needles, rubber stoppers, refrigeration fuel or power sources, waste-handling, among others) communications technology environmental impacts in each country A logistics shortage in any one step may derail the whole supply chain, according to one vaccine developer. If the vaccine supply chain fails, the economic and human costs of the pandemic may be extended for years.
=== TikTok === TikTok has especially become a social media platform where mental health and illnesses are talked about more freely. The National institutes of Health (NIH) released in 2015 that more than 1/3 of Americans use the internet to help "diagnose their ailments", including mental illnesses. TikTok videos promoting either self-diagnosis or possible symptoms of different illnesses has caused an increase of internet users to believe they have a disorder, when in reality they may or may not. Additionally, TikTok keeps up with the latest trends, and some trends touch upon mental health (positively or negatively, depending on the point of view). One trend, as explained by the Philadelphia Magazine, uses intermittent fasting to heal anxiety. However, some individuals, including licensed counselors such as Akua K. Boateng argue that this advice is actually very detrimental in actually promoting bad mental habits instead, including the possible development of eating disorders. Other trends, including "What I eat in a day" Tiktoks, have been also labeled as harmful by health professionals, since these videos may lead viewers to habits of unhealthy comparison and goals of developing the "societal accepted body". With a majority of these videos reaching women especially, many believe that viewers may become more vulnerable, leading to unhealthy eating habits.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
===== Half-life ===== The half-life of delta bilirubin is equivalent to that of albumin since the former is bound to the latter, yields 2–3 weeks. A free-of-bound bilirubin has a half-life of 2 to 4 hours.
A secondary-ion mass spectrometer consists of (1) a primary ion gun generating the primary ion beam, (2) a primary ion column, accelerating and focusing the beam onto the sample (and in some devices an opportunity to separate the primary ion species by Wien filter or to pulse the beam), (3) high-vacuum sample chamber holding the sample and the secondary-ion extraction lens, (4) a mass analyzer separating the ions according to their mass-to-charge ratios, and (5) a detector.
Glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizic acid or glycyrrhizinic acid) is the chief sweet-tasting constituent of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice) root. Structurally, it is a saponin used as an emulsifier and gel-forming agent in foodstuffs and cosmetics. Its aglycone is enoxolone.
==== Electronics and industrial equipment ==== Danfoss, headquartered in Nordborg, designs and manufactures industrial electronics, heating and cooling equipment, as well as drivetrains and power solutions. Denmark is also a large exporter of pumps, with the company Grundfos holding 50% of the market share, manufacturing circulation pumps.
=== Dual-flow === Dual-flow, also known as dual, countercurrent chromatography occurs when both phases are flowing in opposite directions inside the column. Instruments are available for dual-flow operation for both Hydrodynamic and hydrostatic CCC. Dual-flow countercurrent chromatography was first described by Yoichiro Ito in 1985 for foam CCC where gas-liquid separations were performed. Liquid–liquid separations soon followed. The countercurrent chromatography instrument must be modified so that both ends of the column have both inlet and outlet capabilities. This mode may accommodate continuous or sequential separations with the sample being introduced in the middle of the column or between two bobbins in a hydrodynamic instrument. A technique called intermittent countercurrent extraction (ICcE) is a quasi-continuous method where the flow of the phases is alternated "intermittently" between normal and reversed-phase elution so that the stationary phase also alternates.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that binds and modulates the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in laboratory studies of circadian biology and metabolism, not as an approved medicine. It is also known by the informal name Stenabolic.
No. SR9009 has not been approved as a therapeutic drug in the United States, European Union, or other major markets. Human safety and efficacy data are very limited. Its presence in consumer products does not imply regulatory approval.
The World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance because it can alter gene expression and metabolic pathways relevant to performance. The ban applies at all times, not only during competition. Detection relies on laboratory methods such as mass spectrometry.
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is a common approach. It can detect the parent compound and its metabolites in biological matrices.