REV-ERB agonist is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Last reviewed on 2025-09-12. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the free base |
| Molecular weight | 437.9 g/mol | Calculated from the formula |
| Primary target | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors involved in circadian regulation |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Poorly soluble in water |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated | Protect from light and moisture |
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and region. It is not approved as a pharmaceutical, and several jurisdictions restrict its sale for human consumption. Some authorities classify it as a research chemical, a prescription-only substance, or a prohibited performance-enhancing agent in sport. Purchasers may encounter certificates of analysis, but these documents do not guarantee identity, purity, or legality. In research settings, institutional safety reviews and controlled procurement help ensure that materials are handled under appropriate oversight. The absence of harmonized rules means that legal status can change and requires verification.
Analytical identification of SR9009 typically relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In biological samples, researchers first separate the compound from matrix components using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural confirmation of reference materials. Because SR9009 is a small, relatively lipophilic molecule, reverse-phase columns and acidic mobile phases are common. Laboratories often include isotope-labeled internal standards to improve quantification and to correct for ion suppression.
Stability depends on physical form, temperature, light exposure, and solvent. Solid SR9009 is generally stored cold and dry, with protection from light to limit degradation. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks are common for laboratory work, but repeated freeze-thaw cycles can reduce compound integrity. Aqueous solutions may be less stable than organic stocks, and the ethyl ester in the structure can be susceptible to hydrolysis under certain conditions. Researchers typically validate storage conditions and recheck purity before quantitative experiments, especially when using archived material.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
=== Fibrous === The fibrous pericardium is the outside layer of the pericardium, made up of dense and loose connective tissue. While capable of some change in shape, it is largely non-pliable, which acts to protect the heart against blunt forces and sudden pressure change from the outside. It is continuous with the outer adventitial layer of the neighboring great blood vessels, fused with the central fibrous area of the diaphragm on its posterior aspect and attached to the posterior surface of the sternum by the sternopericardial ligaments.
=== Psychosocial factors === Empirical studies have established a strong correlation between adverse childhood experiences such as child abuse, particularly child sexual abuse, and the onset of BPD later in life. Reports from individuals diagnosed with BPD frequently include narratives of extensive abuse and neglect during early childhood, though causality remains a subject of ongoing investigation. These individuals are significantly more prone to recount experiences of verbal, emotional, physical, or sexual abuse by caregivers, alongside a notable frequency of incest and loss of caregivers in early childhood. Moreover, there have been consistent accounts of caregivers invalidating the individuals' emotions and thoughts, neglecting physical care, failing to provide the necessary protection, and exhibiting emotional withdrawal and inconsistency. Specifically, female individuals with BPD reporting past neglect or abuse by caregivers have a heightened likelihood of encountering sexual abuse from individuals outside their immediate family circle. Research also indicates that neurodevelopment variations such as autism spectrum traits, ADHD, or highly sensitive people (HSP) may increase vulnerability to trauma and subsequent borderline personality organization. The enduring impact of chronic maltreatment and difficulties in forming secure attachments during childhood has been hypothesized to potentially contribute to the development of BPD.
In the late 19th century, numerous internationally renowned and historically notable scholars lectured at the University of Breslau, Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, Ferdinand Cohn, and Gustav Kirchhoff among them. In 1817, Poles made up around 16% of the student body. At the end of the 19th century around 10% of the students were Polish and 16% were Jewish. This situation reflected the multi ethnic and international character of the university. Both minorities, as well as the German students, established their own student organisations, called Burschenschaften. Polish student organisations included Concordia, Polonia, and a branch of the Sokol association. Many of the students came from other areas of partitioned Poland. The Jewish students unions were the Viadrina (founded 1886) and the Student Union (1899). Teutonia, a German Burschenschaft founded in 1817, was actually one of the oldest student fraternities in Germany, founded only two years after the Urburschenschaft. The Polish fraternities were all eventually disbanded by the German professor Felix Dahn, and in 1913 Prussian authorities established a numerus clausus law that limited the number of Jews from non-German Eastern Europe (so called Ostjuden) that could study in Germany to at most 900. The University of Breslau was allowed to take 100. As Germany turned to Nazism, the university became influenced by Nazi ideology. Polish students were beaten by NSDAP members just for speaking Polish.
== Natural products == Despite the large number of species, the secondary metabolites of Russula have not been well investigated, especially compared to Lactarius. Russula foetens was shown to produce the marasmane sesquiterpenes Lactapiperanol A and Lactapiperanol E. A novel lectin with potent in vitro antitumor activity was isolated from Russula rosea, the first lectin reported from a Russula. This mushroom is also the source of the sesquiterpenes rulepidanol and rulepidadienes A and B. Russula nigricans contains the compound nigricanin, the first ellagic acid derivative isolated from higher fungi.
Talks quickly broke down, and final efforts in October to achieve a settlement floundered; the Smith government remained unwilling to accept the five principles of independence, and the British government argued it would settle for nothing less. On 11 November 1965 the Cabinet of Rhodesia issued a unilateral declaration of independence (UDI). The UDI was immediately denounced as an "act of rebellion against the Crown" in the United Kingdom, and Wilson promised that the illegal action would be short-lived. However, given its self-governing status Rhodesia had no longer been within the United Kingdom's direct sphere of influence for some time, and the façade of continued British rule was rendered a constitutional fiction by UDI. In light of these circumstances, Wilson quickly realised his ability to assert direct leverage over the incumbent Rhodesian government was limited. On 12 October 1965, the United Nations General Assembly had noted the repeated threats of the Rhodesian authorities "to declare unilaterally the independence of Southern Rhodesia, in order to perpetuate minority rule", and called upon Wilson to use all means at his disposal (including military force) to prevent the Rhodesian Front from asserting independence. After UDI was proclaimed, UN officials branded the Rhodesian government as an "illegal racist minority regime" and called on member states to voluntarily sever economic ties with Rhodesia, recommending sanctions on petroleum products and military hardware.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Thyroid-stimulating hormone == Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) is generally increased in hypothyroidism and decreased in hyperthyroidism, making it the most important test for early detection of both of these conditions. The result of this assay is suggestive of the presence and cause of thyroid disease, since a measurement of elevated TSH generally indicates hypothyroidism, while a measurement of low TSH generally indicates hyperthyroidism. However, when TSH is measured by itself, it can yield misleading results, so additional thyroid function tests must be compared with the result of this test for accurate diagnosis. TSH is produced in the pituitary gland. The production of TSH is controlled by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which is produced in the hypothalamus. TSH levels may be suppressed by excess free T3 (fT3) or free T4 (fT4) in the blood.
=== Discontinued === Acebilustat (CTX-4430; EP-501) – leukotriene A4 (LTA4H) hydrolase inhibitor Afamelanotide (CUV-1647; EPT-1647; Melanotan I; Melanotan; Prenumbra; Scenesse) – melanocortin receptor agonist BBI-3000 – retinoid X receptor agonist BMX-010 (MnTE-2-PyP) – reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger and radioprotector Botulinum toxin A liquid (AI-09) – acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent Botulinum toxin A topical (ANT-1207) – acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent Cioteronel (CPC-10997; Cyoctol; X-Andron) – antiandrogen (androgen receptor antagonist) Diroleuton (DGLA; DHLA; DS-107; RO-12-1989) – omega-6 fatty acid and anti-inflammatory DMVT-503 (RVT-503) – undefined mechanism of action DX-0385 – retinoic acid metabolism modulator Encapsulated tretinoin cream – retinoid (retinoic acid receptor agonist) Epristeride (Aipuliete; ONO-9302; SKF-105657) – 5α-reductase inhibitor Falecalcitriol (DSC-103; F6VD3; flocalcitriol; Fulstan; hexafluorocalcitriol; hexafluorovitamin D3; Hornel; SM-8000; ST-630) – vitamin D/calcitriol analogue Gevokizumab (S-78989; VPM-087; XMA-005.2) – monoclonal antibody against interleukin-1β Hypochlorous acid (PR-013; PR-022) – disinfectant and other actions Imsidolimab (ANB-019) – monoclonal antibody against the interleukin-36 receptor Incyclinide (chemically modified tetracycline 3; CMT-3; COL-3; Metastat) – chemically modified tetracycline and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (no antibiotic activity) Ingenol disoxate (LEO-43204) – undefined mechanism of action JNJ-10229570 – melanocortin MC5 receptor antagonist MDI-301 – undefined mechanism of action MK-434 (MK-0434) – 5α-reductase inhibitor MTCH-24 (Zilex; Zorex) – undefined mechanism of action PF-06423264 – acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor PSK-3841 (HMR-3841; RU-58841) – antiandrogen (androgen receptor antagonist) Research programme: acne therapeutics - Praxis – undefined mechanism of action Research programme: tetracycline derivatives - Paratek Pharmaceuticals (P-004292) – tetracycline derivatives Rose bengal sodium (PH-10; Provecta; PV-10; rose bengal; Xantryl) – immunomodulator and other actions Santalum album ointment (albuterpenoid; East Indian sandalwood oil) – undefined mechanism of action Talarozole (R115866; Rambazole) – retinoic acid metabolism modulator Thykamine (PCT-233; PUR-0110) – undefined mechanism of action (anti-inflammatory) Valproic acid topical (Avugane; Baceca; G2M-777) – histone deacetylase inhibitor and other actions XEN-801 (XEN801) – stearoyl-CoA desaturase inhibitor XOMA-629 (XMP-629) – endotoxin inhibitor Zileuton (A-64077; Abbott-64077; ABT-077; CRTX-073; CTI-02; Zyflo) – 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor
== External links == CD38+Antigens at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Human CD38 genome location and CD38 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. GeneCard CD38 [1] Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P28907 (ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1) at the PDBe-KB. CD38
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 62.7 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 1.9% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 30,400 euros or 101% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 95% of the EU average. The GDP per capita was the lowest of all states in West Germany. In 2017, Schleswig-Holstein had an export surplus for the first time since 1989: export 22.6 billion euros/ import 20.8 billion euros.
In Japan, indigo became especially important during the Edo period. This was due to a growing textiles industry, and because commoners had been banned from wearing silk, leading to the increasing cultivation of cotton, and consequently indigo – one of the few substances that could dye it. In North America, indigo was introduced into colonial South Carolina by Eliza Lucas, where it became the colony's second-most important cash crop (after rice). As a major export crop, indigo supported plantation slavery there. In the May and June 1755 issues of The Gentleman's Magazine, there appeared a detailed account of the cultivation of indigo, accompanied by drawings of necessary equipment and a prospective budget for starting such an operation, authored by South Carolina planter Charles Woodmason. It later appeared as a book. By 1775, indigo production in South Carolina exceeded 1,222,000 pounds. When Benjamin Franklin sailed to France in November 1776 to enlist France's support for the American Revolutionary War, 35 barrels of indigo were on board the Reprisal, the sale of which would help fund the war effort. In colonial North America, three commercially important species are found: the native I. caroliniana, and the introduced I. tinctoria and I. suffruticosa. In the UK the structure of Natural Indigo was still being sought in 1878 when Edward Schunck published on Indigo e.g. Blue from Polygonum tinctorium and By other Plants (16 April 1878) to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Where k is a constant that depends on muscle mass, which itself varies with a child's age: In first year of life, for pre-term babies k=0.33 and for full-term infants k=0.45 For infants and children of age 1 to 12 years, k=0.55. The method of selection of the constant k has been questioned as being dependent upon the gold-standard of renal function used (i.e. inulin clearance, creatinine clearance, etc.) and also may be dependent upon the urinary flow rate at the time of measurement. In 2009 the formula was updated to use standardized serum creatinine (recommend k=0.413) and additional formulas that allow improved precision were derived if serum cystatin C is measured in addition to serum creatinine.
From the beginning of the Gaza war, reports emerged of children being killed and maimed. Children were also killed in Israeli airstrikes, including in areas designated as “safe zones” by the IDF. The numbers rose rapidly. During the first week of the war in October 2023, at least 447 children were killed. By 3 December 2023, the number had reached an estimated 6,150 children, rising to about an estimated 10,000 by mid-January 2024, with thousands more believed to be buried under rubble. Defense for Children International put the figure at 12,100 children in early February, and mid-April 2024 estimates cited around 14,500 fatalities. In May 2024, the United Nations adjusted its estimate down from 14,500 children to 7,797 identified child deaths, and by December 2024, the overall figure was again reported at roughly 14,500. By 3 September 2025, at least 19,424 children had been reported killed. In March 2024, the United Nations stated that more children had died in Gaza between October 2023 and February 2024 than the sum of all global conflicts from 2019 to 2022. Catherine M. Russell, the head of UNICEF, stated, "We haven’t seen that rate of death among children in almost any other conflict in the world". In late September 2024, Oxfam and Action on Armed Violence reported that the number of children killed in Gaza over the past year was the highest recorded in a single year for any conflict worldwide in the last 20 years.
In mycology, the term trama is used in two ways. In the broad sense, it is the inner, fleshy portion of a mushroom's basidiocarp, or fruit body. It is distinct from the outer layer of tissue, known as the pileipellis or cuticle, and from the spore-bearing tissue layer known as the hymenium. In essence, the trama is the tissue that is commonly referred to as the "flesh" of mushrooms and similar fungi. The second use is more specific, and refers to the "hymenophoral trama" that supports the hymenium. It is similarly interior, connective tissue, but it is more specifically the central layer of hyphae running from the underside of the mushroom cap to the lamella or gill, upon which the hymenium rests. Various types have been classified by their structure, including trametoid, cantharelloid, boletoid, and agaricoid, with agaricoid the most common by far. In the agarcoid type, the central trama's hyphae usually run parallel to each other, with a clear boundary area called a sub-hymenium followed by the hymenium itself on the outer layer facing the environment. The word "trama" is Latin for the "weft" or "woof" yarns in the weaving of cloth. This is related to the basidiocarp trama being "filler" tissue and that analogously the woof yarn in weaving is sometimes called "fill". Furthermore, the trama tends to be soft tissue, and in weaving, the woof yarn is not tightly stretched; it therefore need not as a rule be as strong as the warp yarn.
=== Quadrupole–time of flight (Q-TOF) === Q-TOF mass spectrometers combine quadrupole and TOF instruments, which together enable fragmentation experiments that yield highly accurate mass quantitations for product ions. This is a method of mass spectrometry in which fragmented ion (m/z) ratios are determined through a time of flight measurement.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine for human use.
It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors involved in circadian and metabolic gene regulation. This can alter transcription of genes related to lipid and glucose metabolism in experimental models.
No controlled human trials have established that effect. Endurance findings come primarily from rodent studies, and human responses remain unknown.
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. In many places it is sold as a research chemical, but sports and medicine regulations restrict it.