Everything below concerns nuclear receptor. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Last reviewed on 2026-08-01. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, also called NR1D1 and NR1D2. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene programs. The compound was developed for laboratory research, not as an approved therapeutic. Its identity is distinct from steroid hormones and selective androgen receptor modulators. Scientific interest centers on how REV-ERB activation changes gene expression in cells and animal models.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as a REV-ERB agonist. REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. The compound was identified in academic screening efforts to find synthetic ligands for these receptors. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and it can shift circadian behavior. It is not an approved therapeutic agent.
Mechanistically, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERBα/β and enhances recruitment of corepressor complexes. This represses target genes rather than activating them. Because REV-ERB proteins normally compete with ROR proteins at shared response elements, the net effect depends on tissue and timing. Researchers use SR9009 to probe how nuclear receptor signaling links the clock to metabolism, inflammation, and muscle biology. Findings are largely preclinical, and the precise contribution of each receptor subtype remains under study.
SR9009 is frequently discussed in fitness and research-chemical contexts, yet it has no approved medical indication. Regulatory agencies have not authorized it for human use, and it is not a standard prescription drug. Some sports organizations list it as a prohibited substance because of its potential performance-enhancing properties. Published human data are sparse, so claims about its effects in people often rely on animal models or anecdotal reports. Quality and identity of online materials can vary widely.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic small molecule | Studied as a REV-ERB agonist |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the neutral compound |
| Appearance | Off-white to pale yellow solid | Typical research-grade material |
| Solubility | Sparingly soluble in water | Soluble in solvents such as DMSO |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Stenabolic is an informal alias |
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
Preclinical reports have linked SR9009 to improved endurance and altered energy expenditure in rodents. Such findings have prompted interest in whether REV-ERB activation can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. However, the reported effects depend on dose, route, and experimental model, and replication across laboratories is limited. Human trials have not established comparable outcomes, so claims about exercise performance remain speculative. The absence of controlled human data is a central limitation in interpreting these observations.
On the same day, Pakistani officials said that three civilians were killed and three others were injured in artillery shelling carried out by Taliban forces in border areas of Pakistan's Bajaur district. Pakistani officials said the shelling was intended to support an infiltration attempt, which was foiled by Pakistani border guards, destroying a gun position and inflicting heavy casualties to Taliban forces. CTD also claimed to have killed two militants in Peshawar. Clashes and clearance operations in Hangu district led to two militants being killed and several injured while a policeman was killed and another was injured. On 17 April, Taliban-run Radio Television Afghanistan reported that 10 rockets launched by Pakistan destroyed a health center in Barikot, Kunar Province. On 18 April, an abandoned police post in Bannu District was destroyed by militants using explosives. On 19 April, a TTP militant and an alleged suicide bomber were killed by Pakistani forces in an operation in Bannu District. Two Federal Constabulary personnel were also killed by militants in Bannu District, the same day. On 20 April, Taliban forces opened fire on a suspected Pakistani unmanned aircraft in Zaranj, Nimruz province, killing one Afghan civilian and injuring another. The victims were travelling in a vehicle in the city when they were struck by bullets fired by the Taliban forces.
== Further reading == Ahnström, M. L.; Seyfert, M.; Hunt, M. C.; Johnson, D. E. (2006). "Dry aging of beef in a bag highly permeable to water vapor". Meat Science. 73 (4): 674–679. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.03.006. PMID 22062568. DeGeer, S. L.; Hunt, M. C.; Bratcher, C. L.; Crozier-Dodson, B. A.; Johnson, D. E.; Stika, J. F. (2009). "Effects of dry aging of bone-in and boneless strip loins using two aging processes for two aging times". Meat Science. 83 (4): 768–774. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.017. PMID 20416624.
The energy released is about 180 kJ/mol, which is conserved when 2 ATP are generated from 2 ADP per glucose. Anaerobic bacteria and archaea use these and many other fermentative pathways, e.g., propionic acid fermentation, butyric acid fermentation, solvent fermentation, mixed acid fermentation, butanediol fermentation, Stickland fermentation, acetogenesis, or methanogenesis.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The most basic approach is to manipulate the various equilibrium constants until the desired concentrations are expressed in terms of measured equilibrium constants (equivalent to measuring chemical potentials) and initial conditions. Minimize the Gibbs energy of the system. Satisfy the equation of mass balance. The equations of mass balance are simply statements that demonstrate that the total concentration of each reactant must be constant by the law of conservation of mass.
15 May to 14 August The 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division conducted Operation Lamar Plain in Quảng Tín Province. The operation resulted in 524 PAVN/VC killed and 21 captured and U.S. losses were 116 killed and one missing.
AMPylators have been shown to be comparable to kinases due to their ATP hydrolysis activity and reversible transfer of the metabolite to a hydroxyl side chain of the protein substrate. However, AMPylation catalyse a nucleophilic attack on the α-phosphate group, while kinase in the phosphorylation reaction targets γ-phosphate. The nucleophilic attack of AMPylation leads to release Pyrophosphate and the AMP-modified protein are the products of the AMPylation reaction.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== E == EEG (Electroencephalography) A non-invasive method of recording electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp. It is commonly used to study sleep, epilepsy, and cognitive processes. Effector A muscle, gland, or organ that performs an action in response to a neural signal, typically from the motor neuron. Efferent nerve fiber An axon that carries motor signals away from the central nervous system to muscles or glands. Opposite of afferent nerve fiber. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) A psychiatric treatment in which seizures are electrically induced in anesthetized patients for therapeutic effect, often used for treatment-resistant depression. Electrode A conductor used to detect or deliver electrical signals in neural recording or stimulation. Electrodes can be surface (non-invasive), intracranial, or implanted. Electromyography (EMG) A technique for recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles, often used in neuromuscular diagnostics and motor control studies. Electrophysiology The study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. In neuroscience, it often involves measuring voltage changes or currents in neurons. Endocannabinoid system A neuromodulatory system composed of endocannabinoids, receptors (e.g., CB1), and enzymes. It regulates processes such as appetite, pain, mood, and memory. Endocrine system A collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. It interacts with the nervous system to regulate metabolism, stress, and growth.
The city-states of Berlin and Hamburg are subdivided into districts. The City of Bremen consists of two urban districts: Bremen and Bremerhaven, which are not contiguous. In the other states there are the subdivisions below.
== Prognosis == Kwashiorkor is associated with a high risk of mortality and long-term complications. Treatment under the guidelines of the World Health Organization has proven to reduce this mortality risk and affected children tend to recover faster than children with other severe malnutrition diseases. However, physical and intellectual capabilities are not fully restored. Growth stunting and chronic disruption of microbiota are commonly observed after recovery. A high risk of death is identified by a brachial perimeter < 11 cm or by a weight-for-age threshold < −3 z-scores below the median of the WHO child growth standards. In practice, malnourished children with edema are suffering from potentially life-threatening severe malnutrition.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that activates the REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug and has no established human therapeutic use. Most published biological data come from cell and rodent studies.
No. SR9009 is frequently mislabeled as a SARM in online discussions, but it does not target androgen receptors. Its known mechanism involves REV-ERB nuclear receptors and circadian-metabolic gene regulation.
Human clinical data are very limited. There is no approved human use, and safety and efficacy in people are not established. Most evidence comes from preclinical models, so effects observed in animals may not apply to humans.
SR9009 is a synthetic compound investigated as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in preclinical research on circadian rhythm and metabolism. It is not an approved drug.